4). Heal. Manag. Please note: This page has been archived and its content may no longer be up-to-date. The findings also point to that fact that water quality can be affected by increasing population. Easily identified source or place of pollution is called as point source. The author will further labour to briefly discuss how each of the said three (03) pollutants comes . Such pollution has the potential to cause serious health problems where the water is 39, 460464 (2009). We assessed the significance of floating vegetation as nutrient sinks by comparing annual plant-bound nutrient loading to conventional river nutrient loading (dissolved and particulate) for four tributaries of the Zambezi River in Zambia. The possibility of harvesting the plants from concentration points for production of biofuels and/or compost could also be a strategy for reducing the plant burden on the downstream Kafue Gorge Dam and at the same time mitigate the problem of biowaste35. Ecol. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Qual. Res. The authors declare no competing interest. 7, 161168 (2004). In order to assess the potential for floating vegetation to sequester nutrients from river systems we modelled river nutrient loading for four Zambezi tributaries infested with invasive floating vegetation and estimated the amount of nutrients bound within floating vegetation biomass. Copernicus Global Land Service: Land Cover 100m: Collection 2: epoch 2015. such as water bottles, food wrapping, and bags, has led the way to overconsumption and persistence of plastic materials in local environments. & Senn, D. B. 38, 470476 (2008). You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Sci. We get this water from groundwater sources, rivers, and lakes, and after using it, and often contaminating it, most of this water gets back into the rivers, lakes, and streams. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Contrasting seasonal patterns of floating vegetation cover in relation to hydrologic and nutrient context of the Maramba and Kafue Catchments. Some managers have also begun to realize that floating plants are potentially serving an important role in nutrient cycling, removing excess nutrients from surface waters by assimilation into plant tissues11. A. Map created using QGIS 3.4.11 (https://qgis.org). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Pollut. Legacy mining pollution in Zambia is the result of many decades of unsustainable mining operations and inadequate rehabilitation or closure of mining sites. contracts here. To obtain water pollution is and focused on different causes of water pollution, effects of this pollution on Earth, special reference from Murshidabad district and finding possible solutions and preventive methods of this problem, role of WBPHED for quality treatment of water and supply. Chim. The synthetic mean nutrient content from varied nutrient settings probably represent a reasonable estimate the nutrient content of Water Hyacinth in Zambia, which grows under a similarly wide range of nutrient conditions. Data and research help us understand these challenges and set priorities, share knowledge of what works, and measure progress. 46, 1303313034 (2012). CAS Hydrologic management as a means to control floating plant invasions would represent a new approach to an old problem and merits further investigation. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.046. The control of nutrient pollution sources is widely understood to be an essential component of any strategy to manage invasions of floating plants8,9,10. Report submitted to the CABI Africa Regional Centre under the PDF-B phase of the UNEP/GEF Project: Removing Barriers to Invasive Plant Management in Africa. Approach The project builds on the Copperbelt Environment Project (CEP), which closed in March 2011. Appl. Washington, DC; Lusaka: World Bank. Due mainly to rampant deforestation Zambia is unlikely to achieve the Millennium Goal 7 on environmental sustainability. Ecol. The floating vegetation of the Kafue, because it is effectively trapped by a hydropower dam forming the Kafue Gorge Reservoir, can be readily detected and counted from space. This version of the page will remain live for reference purposes as we work to update the content across our website. We collected all samples in triplicate and kept them cool during handling and until analysis in the laboratories at Eawag, Switzerland. Local rainfall, which typically arrives a month before peak flow is also likely important for flushing nutrients into backwaters creating conditions favorable for Water Hyacinth growth. Through different paths, pollution reaches surface or ground water. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine relationships between variables. Hijmans, R. J. You do not currently have access to this content. Ethel Mudenda Namafe, Kawawa Banda and the Integrated Water Resource Management Institute at the University of Zambia helped with sampling the wastewater canals near the town of Kafue. Some lessons learnt include the need to build local capacity and get local buy-in to support project implementation. Cite this article. This assumption provides a conservative underestimate of the importance of plants because the choke points where the plants accumulate seasonally are unlikely to be 100% efficient as traps. & Grill, G. Global river hydrography and network routing: Baseline data and new approaches to study the worlds large river systems. 2019, Texila International Journal of Public Health. It has been concluded that both surface and groundwater is being polluted due to anthropogenic activities in the concerned town. Image compilation done in Adobe Photoshop 21.2.0 (https://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop). PubMed Mean rainfall is for Maramba catchment from CHIRPS global rainfall data 2011201926. The cause for the floating plants reemergence after 2012 is not clear, but throughout the time series there is evidence of seasonality, which tends to coincide with peak flows in the Kafue (Fig. These plants are widely vilified and motivate expensive control campaigns, but their presence may be providing a poorly recognized function in the cycling of excess nutrients. Impact of a large tropical reservoir on riverine transport of sediment, carbon, and nutrients to downstream wetlands. You could not be signed in. You, W. et al. 81, 5167 (2005). 27, 21712186 (2013). 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Some lessons learnt include the need to build local capacity and get local buy-in to support project implementation. Theoretically, without these plants the amount of non-plant P exported by these rivers would be 19% or 30% greater. Relatively few high-resolution satellite images are available in Google Earth Pro for the lower reaches of the Chongwe River and the Little Chongwe (8 each) and they do not provide complete seasonal coverage, making it impossible to apply the same process as for the Maramba. To assess floating vegetation cover on the Maramba, we visually inspected all available historical high-resolution imagery in Google Earth Pro (35 images from 2005 to 2019). Fallavier, P., Mulenga, C. L., & Jere, H. (2005). Biogeosciences 12, 75357547 (2015). The eco-system of rivers, streams and lakes is also getting deteriorated due to the contamination of water, through various sources. These authors contributed equally: R. Scott Winton and Fritz Kleinschroth. Mangas-Ramrez, E. & Elas-Gutirrez, M. Effect of mechanical removal of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on the water quality and biological communities in a Mexican reservoir. Figure done in R 3.6.131. These observations demonstrate the presence of urban and industrial nutrient sources capable of driving floating plant blooms in an otherwise nutrient-poor setting (Table 2). The drudgery of hauling water leads to loss of productivity and leisure time and the lack of toilets negatively impacts their dignity. Water Resour. F.K. from hydropower infrastructure) has the potential to flush floating vegetation out of areas where it is problematic and concentrate it in areas where its water treatment function is desirable or where it is at least less of a nuisance. Specifically, the regulation of flows (i.e. One highly visible symptom of nutrient pollution from inadequate wastewater management is the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems3, with far reaching consequences for ecosystem functioning and human well-being. The river catchments were extracted from the HydroSheds global database27. Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2018, The WHO/UNICEF JMP estimates for WASH in Zambia, UNICEF Zambia Country Programme Document (CPD) 2016-2021, UNICEFs Strategy for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2016-2030, Impact Evaluation of the Sanitation and Hygiene Programme in Zambia (2017), Advancing Girls' Education through WASH Programmes in School (2017), Investing in the Development, Protection and Rights of the Children, UNICEF, with support from Sweden, brings emergency obstetric equipment to maternity units of Zambia, improving survival of mothers and newborns at risk, 64per cent of the population use basic drinking water services (87per cent in urban areas, 49per cent in rural areas), 33per cent of the population use a basic sanitation service (41per cent in urban areas, 28per cent in rural areas), 10per cent of the population practices open defecation (1 per cent in urban areas, 16per cent in rural areas), 24per cent of the population has access to basic hygiene services, i.e. 832, 4 (2014). Analysis of satellite imagery from 1990 to present reveals three distinct periods of vegetation prevalence (Fig. Leakages, over loading and chocked sanitary facilities haveresulted into the production of offensive odours (air pollution), contamination of ground andsurface water bodies by spilled un-treated (raw) sewage that poses a health hazard anddegradation of the environment. Responses of the invasive aquatic plant water hyacinth to altered nutrient levels under experimental warming in China. With 189 member countries, staff from more than 170 countries, and offices in over 130 locations, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries. The results showed that the concentrations of most of these elements were below the WHO limits. Seasonal dynamics of carbon and nutrients from two contrasting tropical floodplain systems in the Zambezi River basin. Typical peak floating vegetation cover (March to June) is preceded by local rainfall peaks (October to January) that flush nutrients into backwaters stimulating floating plant growth. Could not validate captcha. With separate toilets for girls and boys, and privacy for menstrual hygiene management, girls are more likely to remain in school, delay pregnancy and marriage, and have stronger employment opportunities. and natural (flood, typhoons, droughts, rising. B.W. Statistical analysis of all chemical species was done and concentrations were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) limits for drinking water since Malian standards are not yet available. 10, 228 (2010). Zuijdgeest, A. L. et al. Article You can download the paper by clicking the button above. The lower end of the Kafue Flats has expansive coverage of sugar cane cultivation and the downstream river reach above the reservoir formed by the Kafue Gorge Dam (Kafue Gorge Reservoir) receives urban and industrial wastewaters from Kafue. Gunnarsson, C. C. & Petersen, C. M. Water hyacinths as a resource in agriculture and energy production: a literature review. Buchhorn, M. et al. Improved technical and institutional capacity of regulatory authorities for environmental monitoring and compliance. This predicted short age of water constitutes a challenge that can The chemical species analysed were major anions and cations as well as, Cu, Fe, Mn. The Little Chongwe River meets the Kafue just 8km upstream of the Kafues confluence with the Zambezi. The World Bank Group works in every major area of development. a handwashing facility with soap and water (36 per cent urban, 15 per cent rural). The Zambezi is Africas fourth largest river and the most important draining into the Indian Ocean. & Hill, M. P. The role of eutrophication in the biological control of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, South Africa. 2; Table 1) relative to summed nutrient flux indicate that these plants are capable of serving as important nutrient sinks. Simon Spratley (ATEC 3D) collected drone imagery. : Investigation, Data Curation, Validation, Writingreview & editing. : Funding Aquisition, Project Administration, Supervision, Validation, Writingreview & editing. Before rolling out activities, the project team ensured that these conditions were in place. Data Ser. Compared to the Maramba, the Kafue Catchment has a much lower proportion of urban cover, but floating plants in this larger river still seem to represent a major pool of P. In the Kafue, industrial and/or agricultural sources of nutrients could also be important. We report uncertainty surrounding mean nutrient content using the standard error of this mean. Yet, the river mouth where our sampling took place does not seem to accumulate floating vegetation as dramatically as in the Maramba or Kafue. Reddy, K. R. & Sacco, P. D. Decomposition of water hyacinth in agricultural drainage water. Core Team, R. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 2019). External factors include poor governance, demographic and economic dynamics, hydrologic regime change, poor system management and operation, unplanned system extensions, limited skilled manpower, poor electricity supply and lack of customer awareness. Copernicus Global Land Service: Land Cover 100m: epoch 2015: Globe. Lehner, B. We also examined time series of rainfall and stream flow to assess the role of hydrology in delivering nutrients from sources to aquatic systems where they can be utilized by floating plants and in transporting the floating plants downstream to system choke points. The Maramba River meets the Zambezi just upstream of Victoria Falls and drains a small, but highly urbanized catchment containing most of Livingstone, a popular tourist destination for its convenient access to the falls. The causes of environmental pollution are not limited to industrialization, urbanization, population growth, exploration, and mining, but also transboundary movement of pollutants from developed to developing countries or vice versa. 10, 126139 (2003). We conservatively estimate plant-bound nutrient loads from peak biomass detected at choke points (i.e. We used this comparison to estimate the proportion of exported river nutrient loading that is bound to plants and assess whether blooms of floating vegetation could be considered important nutrient sinks in this river system. Buchhorn, M. et al. Biocontrol 57, 247261 (2012). This approach would fit into the environmental flows framework, which has been integrated into Itezhi-Tezhi Dam operations strategy since its construction34. Please try again. and JavaScript. It has been concluded that both surface and groundwater is being polluted due to anthropogenic activities in the concerned town. Peak plant biomass at such choke points constitutes a proxy for estimating annual plant-bound nutrient loads. Water pollution from the Zambian perspective by Machiya Remmy This essay discusses water pollution as the environmental problem that significantly affects the Zambia environment. 1). The main objective was to assess the impact of increasing population on water quality in Kitwe - Zambia. The sector contributes more than 70% total value export, 10% to gross domestic product, and 28% revenue. Theresources listed below represent just a small selection of materials on water, sanitation and hygiene produced by UNICEF and its partners in Zambia. More than 3,000 children who have been impacted by lead pollution in Kabwe are also being assisted through direct health interventions, including blood lead level testing, treatment and nutritional supplements. The rising Kafue flood waters flush out these backwaters, dislodging floating plant mats that can be exported downstream and accumulate in the Kafue Gorge Reservoir (Fig. 1. Water Hyacinth is back in recent years, following a seasonal pattern of coverage on the Kafue Gorge Reservoir surface. Where a pattern of repeated violations, or a grossly negligent violation creates an imminent hazard of death or injury, or causes death or injury, an aggravated maximum penalty may be assessed. Boyd, C. E. & Vickers, D. H. Variation in the elemental content of Eichhornia crassipes. Implementation of invasive plant prevention and control programmes in Zambia. Transboundary pollution is part of the reason that pollution has remained a global challenge. A comparably-sized catchment without extensive urban cover, the Little Chongwe, supports negligible floating plant biomass despite the presence of some large agricultural pivots that are likely to be a major source of nutrients. Google Scholar. Due mainly to rampant deforestation Zambia is unlikely to achieve the Millennium Goal 7 on environmental sustainability. During the latter stages of the dry season, low flows in the Maramba allow the river to build up a dense coverage of Water Hyacinth. . In order to check for evidence of bias from outliers, we also calculated loading based on median concentrations and found that differences translated into a maximum decreased relative importance of plant-bound nutrients of approximately 2%. Senegal. We analyzed filtered water samples and digests colorimetrically using a Skalar (Breda, Netherlands) SAN++ automated flow injection analyzer following24 and standard procedure ISO 13395:1996. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. The water from underground, streams, rivers and lakes are used by humans in unsafe way. Earth 27, 983991 (2002). Observations of spiking ambient nutrient concentrations following the shredding or herbiciding of floating plants13,14, paving the way for a future bloom, illustrates both the futility of in situ destruction and also the significance of the nutrient pool bound to plant biomass where blooms occur. Water Practice and Technology 1 June 2018; 13 (2): 335345. The most common ones are as follows; human activity is the largest cause of our streams, rivers and lakes getting polluted. The nutrient content of Water Hyacinth varies substantially between and within studies, presumably in response to differences in nutrient availability and limitation is experiences as it grows and ages23. In order to estimate annual river nutrient loading, we multiplied mean annual discharge by mean digestible phosphorus and mean digestible nitrogen concentrations from our surface water sampling. K. Simukonda, R. Farmani, D. Butler; Causes of intermittent water supply in Lusaka City, Zambia. The World Bank-funded $65.6 million Zambia Mining and Environmental Remediation and Improvement Project (ZMERIP), aims to reduce environmental health risks in critically polluted mining areas. Google Scholar. We found that seasonal hydrologic cycles in the Zambezi trap and flush floating plants from river choke points, such as dams and river confluences, on an annual basis. Res. Each floating vegetation cover data point represents a remote sensing observation (Landsat for Kafue Gorge; Google Earth Pro for Maramba River) made between 2011 and 2019. The chemical species analysed were major anions and cations as well as, Cu, Fe, Mn. (2012). The results showed that the concentrations of most of these elements were below the WHO limits. Zuijdgeest, A., Baumgartner, S. & Wehrli, B. Hysteresis effects in organic matter turnover in a tropical floodplain during a flood cycle. Winton, R.S., Kleinschroth, F., Calamita, E. et al. Correspondence to Box 32 379, Lusaka, Zambia, You can also search for this author in If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. ADS We also found plant-bound phosphorus to be important in the Kafue River (19%), draining the industrial town of Kafue and extensive sugarcane plantations. Process. Point sources are easily identifiable and discharged into water directly to be easily measured at drainage pipes. 8, 559568 (1998). (2019). Poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are the main causes of infections like cholera and diarrhoea, and inadequate WASH continues to be the leading cause of death of children under the age of five in sub-Saharan Africa. As the plants senesce, they can drift in the direction of flow or be blown by wind, dispersing nutrients away from the source of pollution, even potentially into littoral zones of rivers or lakes where they can act as fertilizer for flood recession agriculture. Biogeochemistry https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-016-0263-z (2016). Science 352, 928933 (2016). Slider with three articles shown per slide. CAS Such invasions are infamous for their conspicuous and costly problems. Bot. J. Environ. 119, 5156 (2014). The major proportions of nutrients bound to floating plants in the Kafue and Maramba Rivers (Fig. Here, the floating vegetation coverage is greatest during the end of the dry season (Fig. the water situation, challenges to overcome the water crisis, and multiple approaches to tackle the problem. For the Maramba, Chongwe and Little Chongwe Rivers, we estimated discharge by generating a catchment area: discharge curve using nearby stations from the Global Runoff Data Centre. This finding may have important implications for management strategies since the river flow in both the Kafue and Zambezi is regulated by hydropower operations. Zambias urban population is growing dramatically, driven by perceptions of better economic opportunities, infrastructure and services in urban areas. 2020 WWF - World Wide Fund For Nature 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund) WWF is a WWF Registered Trademark Creative Commons license. Fabian Niggemann (Vista remote sensing) helped with identification of floating vegetation in the Kafue Gorge, Manuela Brauchli (ETH Zurich) with manual digitization of the floating vegetation in the Maramba River. In the Copperbelt Province, townships adjacent to copper mining sites are severely polluted while in the old mining town of Kabwe, there are unacceptably high levels of lead in the soil. Aquat. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Working to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and nature. The challenges of rural water supply: a case study of rural areas in Limpopo Province M. Mothetha*, Z. Nkuna* and V. Mema** . Brix, H. Do macrophytes play a role in constructed treatment wetlands?. Girls and women are particularly affected by poor WASH conditions. Introduction The abundance of mineral resources has led to their exploitation in Zambia for over 100 years. Handling these problems requires understanding, and to some extent eliminating, their causes. We note that acid digestion of unfiltered surface water is susceptible to underestimation of total phosphorus because of settling of clay particles during sample storage and sub-sampling leading to a bias against potentially phosphorus-rich particulate matter25. In the Chongwe catchment, we sampled two points on the Gwerere River, an urban stream draining densely populated portions of Lusaka. It is also possible that the plants simply do not accumulate at the confluence between the Chongwe and the Zambezi, leading us to underestimate the amount of floating plant biomass and the significance of its nutrients within this sub-catchment. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Zambia Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) sector resources and links in one place for easy access and reference - sector policies, legislation, plans, statistics, reviews, guidelines and other . Peak flows in the Kafue upstream of the Kafue Gorge (February to April, as indicated by Itezhi-Tezhi outflows) drives floating vegetation out of backwaters and into the Kafue Gorge. (I accept). of agricultural inputs on water resources in Zambia and their diverse effects in as far as the quality of water resources is concerned. However, the significance of floating plants as nutrient sinks relative to local sources and forms has not been explored quantitatively to date. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3243509 (2019). Statistical analysis of all chemical species was done and concentrations were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) limits for drinking water since Malian standards are not yet available. Hydrol. Article Internet Explorer). The Kafue River is a major tributary of the Zambezi and is characterized by two major hydropower dams bracketing the large Kafue Flats floodplain: Itezhi-Tezhi Dam upstream and Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station (which we subsequently refer to as simply Kafue Gorge Dam) downstream. Water pollution has become a very seriously problem in Zambia such that all the involved stake holders can not afford to turn a blind eye to. Among these more than 200 samples were collected in gold mine sites as well as some artisanal gold extraction sites. We used Google Earth Engine to group all available images in the Landsat archive in two-month intervals and extracted floating vegetation cover from 1990 to 201922. The uncertain fraction represents compounded standard error of mean biomass per area and mean nutrient content per biomass. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 50). The list is periodically updated to include the latest information. Operation of these dams has greatly altered the hydrology of the lower reaches of the Kafue River leading to changes in the seasonal biochemical functioning of the Kafue Flats16,17 compared to the Barotse Plains, a reference floodplain unmodified by dams18. Using a mass balance approach, we estimated the amounts of nutrients contained within floating plant biomass and compared them to conventional estimates of river nutrient loading based on concentration and discharge for four Zambezi tributaries. Anal. We estimated that fringing vegetation has a coverage of 0.5m wide running for 1.2km upstream of the confluence with the Zambezi. We found the river with the largest share of annual river P and N flux bound to floating vegetation biomass to be the Maramba. Girls and women are particularly affected by poor WASH conditions. To assess levels of floating vegetation, we used a combination of field surveys and analysis of satellite imagery. Water supply systems that operate intermittently rather than continuously are highly complex. General Assembly of the United Nations. The present study is based on the influence of gold mining activities on the quality and hydrochemistry of regional surface water and groundwater within the Birrimian areas of Mali. Sources of water pollution There are a number of means in which water gets contaminated. The four primary surface water sampling sites (pink) as well as reference sampling sites (yellow) are located through crosses. The Water Hyacinth in Zambian waters spends different parts of its life cycle in very different nutrient settings, ranging from urban wastewater effluent to hyperoligotrophic natural rivers, and we should therefore expect that its nutrient content should also vary substantially in space and time. Bot. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3243509. We passed nitrate and phosphate samples through pre-combusted, pre-weighed glass fiber filters and collected unfiltered samples for analysis of bulk nitrogen and phosphorus content. PubMedGoogle Scholar. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Instead we simply hand-digitized the area of visible floating vegetation from the image with the most cover (16 June, 2016) and added to this an estimate of the area of fringing floating vegetation based on four ground-based inspections of the coverage in 2018 and 2019. It is from this view point that this research was conducted. The Kafue and Chongwe Rivers fell between these extremes in terms of its relative importance to nutrient flux. OEPP/EPPO Bull. In Zambia, due to the nature of the mined copper ore, chalcopyrite, the predominant air pollutants include SO2 and PM. Vegetation mats removed from the Kafue Gorge Reservoir by hydropower authorities also serves as compost for local farmers (personal observations, November 2019). Google Scholar. Human induced activities causing salinization, eutrophication, acidification, presence of pathogens in watercourses, inappropriate waste discharge practices and sewage spills are major causes. Especially in the warmer regions of the world, a visible symptom of eutrophication is blooms of free-floating aquatic plants 4. Aquat. The Zambezi River Basin in Southern Africa is undergoing rapid development and population growth. WWF / Jo BENN Environmental problems in Zambia Artisanal pirogue with local fishermen passing Spanish trawler in their fishing grounds. Due to high public demand for water, the water supply commercial utility companies fail to meet the consumption demand. Socio-economic Series, Texila International Journal of Public Health, Texila International Journal, Kelly Mwaba, Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Evaluation of portable water in five provinces of Zambia using a water pollution index, Lusaka City state of environment outlook report, EFFECTS OF SEPTIC TANKS AND SOAK-AWAYS ON UNDERGROUNDWATER QUALITY IN KAMWALA SOUTH TOWNSHIP OF LUSAKA DISTRICT, ZAMBIA, Effect of Siting Boreholes and Septic Tanks on Groundwater Quality in St. Bonaventure Township of Lusaka District, Zambia, Ecological Sanitation Advocacy Workshop, 2004, Overview of the hydrochemistry and water quality in areas influenced by gold mining activities in West and South Birrimian of Mali, Urban groundwater management and protection in sub-Saharan Africa, Zambia Environmental and Climate Change Policy Brief, ZAMBIA: LUSAKA URBAN PROFILE Regional and Technical Cooperation Division, REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA Ministry of Energy and Water Development The Groundwater Resources of Southern Province, Zambia (Phase 1) Volume 1 -Technical Report, Water quality awareness and barriers to safe water provisioning in informal communities: A case study from Ndola, Zambia, USE OF WASTEWATER FOR IRRIGATION IN VEGETABLE GROWING IN THE KAFUE LAGOON AREAS AND ALONG NGWERERE RIVER, Water Scarcity and Urban Africa: An Overview of UrbanRural Water Linkages, Deliverable 3 Nakambala Sugar Plantations Revised, An Assessment of the Quantity and Microbiological Quality of Domestic Water Supplied to Residents of Peri-Urban Townships of Lusaka District, Zambia, Microbiological Assessment of Borehole Water in Libala South, Lusaka District, Zambia, SECOND REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND TOURISM FOR THE FOURTH SESSION OF THE TENTH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY APPOINTED ON, Impact Assessment of Increasing Population in Suburban Areas on Water Quality A Case Study in Kitwe Township-Zambia, Conflict and cooperation in water governance - Namwala District, Zambia, Groundwater, self-supply and poor urban dwellers A review with case studies of Bangalore and Lusaka, Conflict and Cooperation in Local Water Governance - inventory of water related events in Namwala District, Zambia, An ethical evaluation of the effects of pollution from Kafue Steel Plant in Kafue district, THE ZAMBIAN OPEN UNIVERSITY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND POLLUTION CONTROL IN ZAMBIA ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT', Evaluation Report: Kangaluwi Open-pit Copper Mine in the Lower Zambezi National Park, Zambia. Biogeosciences 10, 2338 (2013). Poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are the main causes of infections like cholera and diarrhoea, and inadequateWASH continues to be the leading cause of death of children under the age of fivein sub-Saharan Africa. In Zambia, water pollution has been seriously affecting the life of humans, plants as well as animals. 'Emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide occur from -ilme pr-oducti8n and the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and heavy fuel oil. ZMERIP emphasizes strong ownership by Kabwes government and utilizes a community-based approach to reduce exposure to hazardous employment activities. Water in Zambia, is not equally provided to everyone. Figure done in R 3.6.131. Because the amplitude of seasonal changes in water level is heavily dampened and controlled by Kariba Dam, the Zambezi downstream does not cause as strong seasonal backwater effects in side channels as it does in its unregulated upper reaches above Victoria Falls. The capacity for floating plants to absorb nutrients from surface water has been understood for decades, primarily from their use in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. We thank Jia-Zhong Zhang for providing helpful comments that improved the quality of this manuscript. Zambias high rate of child stunting (35per cent) is in part a result of poor sanitation research indicates that adequatesanitation can decrease the risk of stunting. 5). Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. These sites include the Kafue River: near Hook Bridge, below the Itezhi-Tezhi Dam, near Mazabuka, near Chirundu; and the Zambezi: near Livingstone, below Kariba Dam, near Chirundu, just above Lower Zambezi National Park (for coordinates and exact sampling dates, see Supplemental Table S3). Data of 623 surface water and groundwater samples collected in the west and south Birrimian of Mali from 2002 to 2010 were used. We sampled additional points on the Kafue and Zambezi Rivers to provide reference nutrient conditions for the regions major rivers. p.29) one of the main causes of rural water supply problems in South Africa may be due to the fact that "the 2007 Assignment framework, for the assignment of powers and functions, and many other governance . Histograms of annual peaks highlight how the dominant seasonality of floating plant occurrence is governed by rainfall and discharge seasonality. MINISTER OF WATER DEVELOPMENT, SANITATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, MR KAZIYA Mr Speaker, thank you for giving me this opportunity to deliver a ministerial statement on water sources pollution in Zambia as a result of mining activities. Floating vegetation on the Kafue Gorge Reservoir can clearly be detected with Landsat imagery. Rehabilitation works in Kabwe and large infrastructural activities in the Copperbelt had been delayed by almost 8 months due to COVID related restrictions. This arises from the interaction of large numbers of internal and external factors that produce major consequences for system operation and management. To calculate the area of urban and agricultural land within each catchment we used fractional land cover maps for 2015 from the Copernicus Global Land Service29. R.S.W. The Kafue River was subject to nutrient loading studies and intensive weed control campaigns from 1998 to 200019. Kitunda, J. M. A History of the Water Hyacinth in Africa (Lexington Books, Maryland, 2018). The key interventions supported under the programme include the development of WASH sector policy; strategies, plans and standards; capacity building at the national and sub-national levels; improving sector coordination;monitoring and knowledge management;and sustainable and service delivery with a focus on the poor and vulnerable. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. : Formal Analysis, Validation, Software, Writingreview & editing. 16301, (Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015, 2015). Global data and statistics, research and publications, and topics in poverty and development, Feature Story: Living with Lead in Zambia: Creating Hope for the Children of Kabwe, Project: Zambia Mining Environmental Remediation and Improvement Project (ZMERIP), Project: Zambia Copperbelt Environment Project (CEP), The World Banks digital platform for live-streaming, Environmental and Social Policies for Projects, International Development Association (IDA), Rehabilitation and closure of a pilot tailing dam and overburden site in the Copperbelt, In-situ remediation of contaminated soils in targeted households in the 4 municipalities, Upgradation of infrastructure to prevent outflow of pollution from the main canal and greening and infrastructural upgrades of schools in Kabwe, Sensitization and public awareness of hazards of lead and other heavy metal pollution, Income generation and environmentally safe livelihoods for women and unemployed youth, Testing and treatment of children with high blood lead levels in Kabwe. For example, out of the population of about 13 million in Zambia, about 5 million do not have access to clean water. Wilson, J. R., Holst, N. & Rees, M. Determinants and patterns of population growth in water hyacinth. However, Cu, Mn, Fe, TDS and SO42- concentrations are high Executive Summary This Environmental and Climate Change Policy Brief has been written as an input to the Poverty and Development Assessment that Sida is undertaking as part of the preparation of a revised Swedish cooperation strategy with Zambia. volume10, Articlenumber:15467 (2020) Its small catchment drains a small portion of a large array of pivot irrigation agriculture. The project builds on the Copperbelt Environment Project (CEP), which closed in March 2011. Water Sci. Since floating vegetation is present in abundance both upstream and downstream of the Little Chongwes confluence with the Kafue there is no reason to suspect that the plants are unable to disperse to this tributary. Due to the mine, the city is also one of the most polluted places on Earth; even though the mine has closed, artisanal/small-scale mining continues, leading to the . The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. This could be because its urban cover lies>80km away in the distal headwaters of the catchment and floating plants may not survive the tumultuous journey off the edge of the Central Zambian Plateau as the Chongwe drops 600m before meeting the Middle Zambezi where we made our observations. This includes, among others, routine surveillance mechanisms to monitor rates of open-defecation in rural communities. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The catchments differ in size and dominant human land-use. It aims at briefly presenting key environmental sustainability challenges and opportunities (including climate change and disaster risk reduction) in Zambia, their linkages to poverty reduction and economic development and how they are addressed in the Zambian Sixth National Development Plan (SNDP). In this paper, Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company, Zambia, is used as a case study that shows how poor governance, demographic and economic dynamics, hydrologic regime change, poor system management and operation, unplanned system extensions, limited skilled manpower, poor electricity supply and lack of customer awareness all contribute to sustaining intermittent water supply. The damage due to air pollution on materials is of serious concern as it affects the service life of buildings and hence the economy of the affected community ( Zhang et al., 2017; Rao et al., 2014). Article This is consistent with Operational Safeguards 4 on Pollution Prevention and Hazardous Waste which is triggered in this program. Groundwater samples were collected, distances from groundwater sources to soakaways were measured and direction of groundwater flow was obtained from the department of Water affairs. In order to understand the landscape and hydrologic context in which floating vegetation invasions occur, we examined remote sensing data on floating vegetation cover and landcover of the catchment area for each tributary to assess whether urban or agricultural sources are most likely drivers of local nutrient pollution and associated floating plant blooms. Technol. Abstract. 55, 282298 (2010). (2004). Evidence-based economic analysis demonstrates that ecosystem service benefits of water hyacinth management greatly exceed research and control costs. Biol. A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Hippo presence prevented us from surveying further upstream and we assumed no floating vegetation presence beyond this point, making our estimates conservative. As a result, several Zambian governmental and private agencies collectively manage the rivers evaluated in this study. Floating plants, by virtue of their morphology, assimilate nutrients directly from surface waters and have been extensively utilized in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment12. For the Kafue River, we considered only the catchment below the Itezhi-Tezhi Dam, as we expected the dam to interfere with the nutrient transport from further upstream28. The Chongwe River drains one of the more densely populated catchments in Zambia, including parts of the capital, Lusaka, and several nearby townships. This paper looks at various forms and ways of non point and point water pollution in Zambia. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. The UNICEF WASH programme currently works in over 40rural districts across Zambias 10 provinces. The period of high coverage in the 1990s is corroborated by contemporaneous reporting19. 4): 1990 to 2001 had high coverage with seasonal oscillations in extent, but some floating vegetation persisting year round; 2002 to 2010 had minimal coverage with some minor seasonal peaks; 2012 to 2018 had highly seasonal coverage with peak coverage comparable to the 1990s, but no year round persistence. Nevertheless, we refer to our P data as digestible rather than total, to allow for this potential underestimation. Given the importance of hydrology in the life cycle of floating vegetation, controlled dam discharges may have an important role in managing them and their water quality treatment functions. Many of these challenges can be overcome through low-cost, high-impact WASH interventions, which promote hygiene and sanitation in the most vulnerable communities. 47, 116 (2011). ZMERIP is financing the following interventions which will benefit communities, especially the poor and vulnerable, living in targeted contaminated areas: In Kabwe, Lead exposure mainly results from ingestion of lead contaminated soil or food, but also through inhalation and penetration through the skin. Technol. We digested unfiltered water samples via autoclave with an alkaline potassium peroxidisulfate solution. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Chem. & Brown, C. Determination of Holding Environmental Flow Requirements for the Upper and Middle Kafue River. Washington, DC; Lusaka: World Bank. Since floating plants can be transported by wind-induced currents, they tend to accumulate at the margins of water bodies where, if water levels drop, they can become stranded on exposed floodplains or lake bottoms. According to reports, overflow discharge from Livingstones wastewater treatment pools enters the Maramba just upstream of the confluence with the Zambezi19. Currently there is a severe problem at the Kafue Gorge Reservoir with mats of plants and associated organic sediments clogging intakes and fouling turbines (personal observations, November 2019). & Senn, D. B. Organic carbon and nitrogen export from a tropical dam-impacted floodplain system. In order to assess the potential for nutrient uptake by floating plants, we measured seasonal nutrient concentrations in the Zambezi River Basin in Southern Zambia. In the Kafue Gorge Reservoir plants accumulate as the Kafue water level rises, flushes vegetation out of nutrient rich backwaters. Water Hyacinth is actively used by farmers as compost along the lower Kafue River (Fig. One prominent effect of nutrient pollution of surface waters is the mass invasion of floating plants, which can clog waterways, disrupting human use of aquatic systems. 50). The rivers in this study, especially the Kafue, provide essential services for southern Zambia, including hydropower, 50% of the municipal water supply for Lusaka, irrigation water, and fisheries. Households were randomly sampled from a total of 490 households using stratified systematic method because of the differences in plot sizes. We thank Patrick Simwiinde of ZESCO for hosting our visits to theUpper Kafue Gorge Power Station and for providing insights on the status offloating plants and management response. The main objective was to assess the impact of increasing population on water quality in Kitwe - Zambia. pollution of public water sources and groundwater, leading to the risk of faecal contamination of drink-ing water supplies, especially from hand-dug wells. Villamagna, A. M. & Murphy, B. R. Ecological and socio-economic impacts of invasive water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): a review. After tumbling down the same geographic escarpment as the Kafue, it meets the Zambezi in the Lower Zambezi National Park, approximately 55km downstream from the confluence of the Kafue with the Zambezi River. Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) Zurbrgg, R., Suter, S., Lehmann, M. F., Wehrli, B. 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