Instead, Buck calls on Congress to fund and empower regulatory agencies like the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and Department of Justice (DOJ) to increase enforcement under existing laws. 18 (2018). The newest buildings, funded from state bonds, are being constructed in brick with neoclassical architecture. [184], In its October 2020 report, the House Judiciary Subcommittee also came out in favor of structural separation and line of business restrictions for dominant platforms. [25] These newspapers have instituted drastic cost-cutting measures, reducing staff and eliminating expenses like employee benefits and editorial writers. To foster an informed society, people have to want access to reliable information for the purposes of governing themselves. Due in part to a decrease in media ownership restrictions, many newspapers have been purchased by large investor-backed conglomerates interested in cutting costs and turning profits by any means necessary. [147] See Joshua Benton, Dont Expect McConnells Paradox to Help News Publishers Get Real Money Out of Google and Facebook, Nieman Lab (Jan. 8, 2020), https://tinyurl.com/NmnLabMcCon. Picard was a member of the Annenberg Commission on the Press and conducted research for the Carnegie-Knight Task Force on Journalism, funded by the Carnegie Corporation and the Knight Foundation. [22] National Television Multiple Ownership Rule, 82 Fed. 20, 2020), https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/20/u-s-newsroom-employment-has-dropped-by-a-quarter-since-2008/. The workshop, which is the subject of this white paper, commenced on day two. The rise and appeal of mis- and disinformation, as this report has explored, have challenged and distorted citizen understanding and public participation. Schroeders research is particularly concerned with First Amendment theory, free-expression rationales, and technological influences on individuals and community. on the Judiciary, FB-HJC-ACAL-00086798 (Aug. 22, 2020). One proposal that has gained traction in Congress is to create an antitrust exemption that would allow news organizations to jointly negotiate with the platforms over licensing fees for their content. Platforms like Facebook,[92] YouTube,[93] Twitter,[94] and Instagram[95] each have their own content moderation guidelines, and though there is some cross-platform consistency in addressing clear societal harms like child pornography, the platforms often take very different approaches to other content. Melanie Sill The disappearance of local news not only leads to a less-informed society, it also creates an information vacuum that aids the spread of factually inaccurate information creating a misinformed society. [2] In that same time period, more than half of all local journalists were let go, leaving many remaining newsrooms staffed by a small number of reporters burdened by excessive workloads and unable to dedicate themselves to particular topics of local interest. [94] See The Twitter Rules, Twitter, https://tinyurl.com/TwContMod (last visited Oct. 25, 2020). Kaiser is the author or co-author of eight books. The city submitted a bid in the late 1880s for what would become North Carolina State University, but lost to the city of Raleigh after a local farmer offered to donate land for the campus. One response to the power disparities between news producers and platform operators as well as between platforms and their users is to restrict acquisitions and mergers that reduce competition. Syracuse University invites applicants for the Athletic Trainer position. 11.21.22 Tori Ekstrand teaches media law courses in the UNC Hussman School of Journalism and Media. Workshop participants also identified the increasing time commitments for station staff as a barrier to community-level local news coverage. Abernathy stated at the workshop that more than 1,500 of 3,031 American counties have only one newspaper, usually a weekly, while more than 200 others have no newspaper at all. 9, 2020), https://tinyurl.com/NMALocalNews. A misunderstanding around the term could lead to a lack of consensus around the challenges we are facing and the availability of potential solutions. [19], On August 19, 2021, the university announced it would like to be referred to as "Charlotte", not "UNCC". He has served as a special correspondent in London (196467), a reporter on the city desk in Washington (196769), and foreign correspondent in Saigon (196970) and Moscow (197174). [162] They suggest that new legislation would not need to depart from the dual requirements of bad conduct and harm to competition in the market as a whole. Mahone, J., and Napoli, P.M. (July 13, 2020). They can then offer advertisers a more efficient use of advertising money, allowing them to target only those who are ostensibly more likely to be interested in their product. [144] See Journalism Competition and Preservation Act of 2019, S. 1700, 116th Cong. Over the past few years, however, the financial situation for local news has become so dire that opposition to government funding appears to be softening. And Murphy wrapped her in a hug and, through her tears and forgetting that we were supposed to be consoling her, said, "I'm so sorry we didn't win." Local news organizations, which do not have the data, cannot offer the same level of targeted advertising and are unable to attract the advertising revenue necessary to remain financially sustainable. However, Gavil stated that recent mergers involving online platforms do not easily fit within the definitions of either horizontal or vertical mergers in many cases. A society that is informed is first and foremost one that wants to be informed. A newspaper has traditionally served as a key source of information for communities, spreading awareness of local events and election. All on FoxSports.com. [72] See Michaela Del Vicario, The Spreading of Misinformation Online, 113 Proceedings of the Natl Acad. In 1992, it was authorized to offer programs leading to doctoral degrees.[14]. Other types of disinformation can resemble a legitimate news report. Throughout this report, we have included the affiliations of workshop participants when referring to their contributions to the workshop. Their focuses include academic, graduate, honor societies, interest, international, multicultural, political, religious, service, secret societies, and sports. Their most notable athlete is Shareese Woods. CREATE A FOLLOWING Tribune Content Agency builds audience Our content engages millions of readers in 75 countries every day In May 2020, Free Press issued a call to action arguing for a $40,000 annual tax credit to local newspapers that retain currently employed reporters at market wages or hire new newsroom employees. A misunderstanding around the term could lead to a lack of consensus around the challenges we are facing and potential solutions. Moreover, media companies and users whose content has been removed by a platform during the content moderation process have little recourse to contest the platforms decisions. Many journalists oppose the idea, worrying that government funding will compromise editorial independence. Workshop participants identified several consequences of the disappearance of local news sources, showing that the vacuum left when communities lose dedicated news coverage can have wide-ranging effects. Darr, J. P., Hitt, M. P., & Dunaway, J. L. (2018). He also publishes in the area of criminal law and philosophy. A journalism professional with more than 30 years of experience as a reporter, editor and senior media business executive, she specializes in preserving quality journalism by helping news organizations succeed economically in the digital environment. Freelon identified visual-based disinformation posts showing images of left-wing billionaire and frequent alt-right target George Soros, while another post shows an image of Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton holding hands with messaging intended to suppress voting in the Black community. reveals an increasingly dire situation for local news. We encourage you to browseour website and learn more about how the School of Social Work at UNC Charlotte can meet your educational and research needs. Advocates for local news want Congress to make it easier for commercial news outlets to transform themselves into tax-exempt nonprofits. The economic fallout from the coronavirus has accelerated the decline in local newspapers at least 30 newspapers closed or merged in April and May 2020, dozens of newspapers switched to online-only delivery, and thousands of journalists at legacy and digital news operations have been furloughed or laid off. After some journalists argued that newspapers should not take out PPP loans, Los Angeles Times correspondent Matt Pearce tweeted, I appreciate the discussion, but if journalists dont get their oxygen masks on first, were not gonna be around to help the people around us.[125]. [112], Many advocates for local news have argued that the CPBs funding priorities should be changed to encourage more local news reporting. Researchers who study mis- and disinformation argued that platforms need to counter these affects by taking an active role in identifying and removing misinformation and disinformation from their sites. Knight Chair in Journalism and Digital Media Economics We are awaiting more details from the California Attorney General as to the precise requirements of the CCPA. [182] See Stigler Report, supra note 20, at 15. Do we need to deepen our thinking about what constitutes potential competition? Focused on education roles (teaching, counseling, social work, administration) Networking Events. [62] Other media scholars have also used the term to refer to the state of journalism in the United States. His work has focused on broadband privacy, broadband access and affordability, and other consumer issues. of Educ. [183] See Elizabeth Warren, Heres How We Can Break Up Big Tech, Medium (Mar. In a life defined by her love of books, The Night Before Christmas holds a special meaning for Elinor Dixon Hawkins 50 that extends well beyond the holiday season. As newspaper and television media struggle to earn the revenue necessary to remain in operation, hundreds of news outlets have consolidated under the ownership of a handful of opportunistic investors. At the workshop we held, Adam Candeub (Professor, Michigan State University College of Law)compared the idea of data portability to the concept of phone number portability, which allowed individuals to take their old phone number with them when they changed phone providers and significantly increased competition in phone service. The CRI Campus also houses the new, on-campus football stadium, with 15,300 initial seats that can be expanded to more than 40,000. [We discuss this in depth in Part 2.] Join UNC Charlottes Professionals @ Work Learning Series for 2022 as we help you shape whats next for you and your organization. Charlotte Slaiman (Competition Policy Director, Public Knowledge) reminded participants at the workshop that users often do not understand what giving up their data to these companies truly entails. This denial of access in one market can undermine competition across adjacent markets, undermining the ability of market participants to compete on the merits.[170], It should be noted, however, that Republican lawmakers on the Judiciary Subcommittee refused at the last minute to sign the report with their Democratic colleagues. Assistant Professor of Journalism Research Paper No. To get to that moment when a trophy is at stake requires canceling dinners with friends and going to bed early instead of hitting Franklin Street and early mornings in the weight room when no one is out on campus One area that nearly all proponents of local news agree on is the need to make it easier for commercial news organizations to convert to nonprofit status. [54] Platforms are increasingly reliant on the proprietary data collected from users to attract advertising revenue and stay afloat financially, with Alphabets most recent annual disclosure to the SEC revealing that 83.9% of Google revenues came from advertising. NBA players that once suited up for the 49ers include Boston Celtics great Cedric Maxwell, DeMarco Johnson, 2001 NBA Draft lottery pick Rodney White, and Eddie Basden. Despite concerns about the communication environment created by concentrated market power and mergers, Robert Picard (Senior Research Fellow, Reuters Institute, University of Oxford) told participants at the workshop that online platforms lack many of the inherent monopolistic structures that produce competitive imbalances in other areas of telecommunications. The journalistic business model was built on selling eyeballs to advertisers, and the appeal of news outlets is that they brought the relevant eyeballs together. In November 2019, the UNC Center for Media Law and Policy; UNC Center for Innovation and Sustainability in Local Media; and UNC Center for Information, Technology, and Public Life brought together experts on the decline of local news, the rise of online platforms, and the spread of mis- and disinformation for a workshop that was part of a Associate Professor A bipartisan Civic Information Consortium, comprised of fifteen board members with a wide range of perspectives and experiences, will decide upon the allocation of funds. He served as partner at Brooks Pierce for over 20 years, helping to establish the firms nationally-recognized media and communications practice. Prior to joining First Look Media, Bralow was of counsel in the Media, Communication and Entertainment Practice Group of Pepper Hamilton LLP. [51] Picard suggested that the nearly unmatched financial power wielded by these platforms enables them to buy out competitors and innovators in their field, allowing the platform to bring more users into their network and increase concentration. Annette Strauss Inst. [69] See Brian Southwell et al., Misinformation as a Misunderstood Challenge to Public Health, 57 Am. [163]. Local news advocates have also begun making this argument as well, noting that better policies in these areas could profoundly help local news. [160] See Ryan Calo, Digital Market Manipulation, 82 Geo. This market power allows platforms to exploit asymmetrical relationships with news organizations, publishers, and other content creators, along with creating an information and power asymmetry with users. For example, online platforms typically offer their services for free. In the language of economists, the platform has set a monetary price of zero yet the true equilibrium price may be negative because of the value of advertising. See you there: alumni.unc.edu/here-comes-carolina-tailgate The rise of platforms like Facebook and Google has destroyed that model. Or should the First Amendment more directly address the press role as a critical fourth estate check on the power of government? [135] See Elizabeth Grieco, Fast Facts About the Newspaper Industrys Financial Struggles as McClatchy Files for Bankruptcy, Fact Tank (Feb. 14, 2020), https://tinyurl.com/FctTnk2020. [63] Victor Pickard, The Big Idea: Journalisms Market Failure Is a Crisis for Democracy, Harvard Business Review (March 12, 2020), https://tinyurl.com/HBRMarketFailure. Please review the professional credit breakdown to learn more about professional credits prior to requesting credit during checkout. The decline in local news reporting has created an information vacuum, making it possible for misinformation and disinformation to flourish online. And they are like nowhere else." Such efforts are aimed at creating more demand for high-quality journalism and developing better-informed consumers of news. Through education, expertise, and leadership, the College models excellence in teaching, scholarly and creative research, and performance in five creative disciplines: architecture, art and art history, dance, music, and theatre. Other changes in tax law could also support local news. 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She suggested this will create additional competition among platforms, reducing market concentration and power among the top platforms and potentially helping the journalism industry. A 2019 Buzzfeed article uncovered an Iran-linked disinformation campaign that produced more than 100 false articles and published them on websites impersonating legitimate news outlets. Todays dominant platforms are also characterized by strong network effects, which increase as their number of users increases. Media outlets that receive funding from the Local Journalism Initiative will use those funds to hire journalists to strengthen local news coverage. Please reload this page and try the operation again. We need all citizens to care about these issues as much as policymakers, activists and academics now do. (2019). [13] The college became state-supported in 1958 upon joining the newly formed North Carolina Community College System and moved to its current location in 1961. Deen Freelon (Professor, University of North Carolina Hussman School of Journalism and Media) has focused his research on disinformation, a sibling concept to misinformation which he defines as attempts to sway public opinion by using morally questionable techniques. The Hearst Foundations provided funding for the workshop and funding for the preparation of this report was provided by the Hearst Foundations and John S. and James L. Knight Foundation. The power of online platforms is significant because they act as walled gardens for public discussion online, which is governed by the algorithms and content moderation policies that platforms utilize. for Civic Life (2019), https://tinyurl.com/JenningsNewspaperDecline. Platforms use this information to influence the behavior of their users while at the same time promising to advertisers that these data-rich profiles can be utilized to microtarget those users who are most likely to purchase their products or services. The rise of platforms has coincided with and some participants at the workshop say it has caused a precipitous decline in local news reporting. This advertising advantage allows platforms to force news organizations and publishers to concede certain requirements in a market that would otherwise create fairer transactions for them. The following resources examine the role that platforms play in moderating the public sphere. Nearly 50% of U.S. counties only have one newspaper, usually a weekly, and more than 6% of counties have no dedicated newspaper at all. Welcome to the School of Social Work . [130] Many of these digital nonprofits are members of the Institute for Nonprofit News, which provides much needed support to news startups. [86] 230(c)(2) offers further protection for platforms by allowing them to restrict access to objectionable material, regardless of constitutional protection.[87]. Platforms frequently alter their content guidelines based mainly on external factors and influences. | Under Fretwell, campus enrollment surged from 8,000 students to over 12,000. He returned to the national staff in Washington and worked as a reporter for seven years, covering labor, the U.S. Senate, the 1980 presidential campaign, and the first Reagan administration. at 4 (Mar. We would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. Like many of the United States' "postWorld War II" universities, it owes its inception to the G.I. Phone: 7046875973 Fax: 7046875966 Department Email: ges@uncc.edu. Concrete and asphalt sidewalks have largely been replaced by brick. [164] See House Report on Digital Competition, supra note 155, at 394. [161], In a report issued in July 2019 by the George J. Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy and the State (Stigler Report), a number of economists and antitrust experts concluded that online platforms present especially difficult challenges for antitrust enforcement and that antitrust law needs better analytical and regulatory tools to adequately deliver competition to consumers. As a growing proportion of Americans get their news and other information from social media, market power has become more concentrated in online platforms like Facebook and Google. They point out that the CPBs original mission is outdated, arguing that audiences need news about their communities, not reruns of Downton Abbey.[113] Steven Waldman of Report for America, who helped author the FCCs 2011 study, recently suggested that Congress should rewrite the statutory formula that governs the CPBs funding decisions, directing more money to public radio stations trying to improve local news. This term, however, has a very specific meaning for economists. The Stigler Report points out that there is a risk that antitrust reforms will not be enacted by experts committed to sound, economically-focused reforms, noting that in a politically charged environment this may not be the best time for Congress to enact major changes.[173]. Under the proposed law, the programming would have to be independently produced; companies could not simply rebroadcast others existing news shows. 1598 (2018). of Justice Off. U. L. Rev. [42] See Committee for the Study of Digital Platforms, Market Structure and Antitrust Subcommittee, Stigler Ctr. One of the key takeaways from the workshop was that there is a disciplinary language barrier between economists and non-economists overuse of the term market failure. Non-economists typically use the term broadly to describe the breakdown in public discourse and knowledge within the current media ecosystem, including the increasing growth of news deserts (described in Part I). [8] It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities High research activity". This map shows if theres one near you, Neiman Lab (July 13, 2020), https://tinyurl.com/MahoneNapoli. This raises concerns, including the spread of misinformation and the use of platform infrastructure to engage in disinformation campaigns. Maurice Stucke is a Professor of Law at the University of Tennessee. Take at a UNC vs. Clemson ACC Championship, Dec. 3 in Charlotte Its almost tailgate time, yall. At the workshop, Freelon drew a distinction between disinformation and misinformation based on the relationship between the person spreading the content and the users or organizations that are intended to consume the content. [3], Abernathy refers to many remaining newspapers as ghost newspapers, operating as shadows of their former selves and lacking the financial resources and manpower to fully cover their communities. Educators in public schools and institutions of higher education are also teaching their students to read laterally a tool for investigating unfamiliar online sources by leaving a webpage and opening a new browser tab to see what trusted websites say about the unknown source. Dubois, along with his wife and children, was the first chancellor to occupy the Chancellor's Residence (known as the Bissell House) on the UNC Charlotte campus that was completed in the winter of 2005. [98] See Catalina Botero-Marino et al., We Are a New Board Overseeing Facebook. The Subcommittee also recommended that Congress prohibit the use of monopoly power in one market to harm competition in a second market, even if the conduct does not result in monopolization of the second market. The prioritization of profit suggests that the journalistic quality of these newspapers has become less important, and scholars have confirmed a perceived decrease in quality of the remaining newspapers serving local markets. In addition to the Levine Scholars, the university offers eleven other merit-based scholarship programs. My UNC Charlotte; Directory; Campus Events; Library; Prospective Students. Instead, regulators could implement a recalibration of the relative tolerance of antitrust law for the risk of over-enforcement and under-enforcement by prescribing rebuttable presumptions that would ease the high proof requirements currently imposed on antitrust plaintiffs and place on defendants a more rigorous burden of proving efficiencies. Schmidt, A. L., Zollo, F., Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Stanley, H. E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2017). More than half of the sites identified in the report focus on local or hyperlocal communities, filling the space left behind by the disappearance of dedicated local news sources. David Bralow [149] See Ingrid Lunden, Google to Pay Out $1B to Publishers to License Content for New Google News Showcase, TechCrunch (Oct. 1, 2020), https://tinyurl.com/GoogleNewsTC. Coase-Sandor Inst. This is a situation where news can quickly spread. [103] But Americans have increasingly polarized judgments about the work of media organizations and they described feeling overwhelmed by the volume and speed of news in part because of the mix of news interspersed with non-news on the Internet, including social media. "Charlotte and UNC Charlotte: Growing Up Together". Multiple solutions have been offered to help break up what many observers call a data oligarchy (made up of Google, Facebook, and Amazon) that is undercutting the revenue streams for news organizations. Some workshop participants, however, voiced skepticism about the ability of privacy legislation to fix the problem. He oversaw the creation of the Graduate School, created more graduate degrees, integrated the library's card catalog into the Internet in 1983, created the groundwork for a major business incubator, helped to develop the university's surrounding neighborhood, and increased academic grants to over $6.1million. In 1963, Charlotte College became a four-year college. Bonnie Ethel Cone (19072003), or Miss Bonnie as she was known to students, was chosen to as director of the Charlotte Center in 1946. In 1999 she joined Carnegie Corporation of New York as vice president for external affairs. [17][18] The shooter, identified as Trystan Andrew Terrell, was arrested shortly afterwards. About 1 in 6 Americans (17%) stopped paying attention to news altogether.[105]. Made for Tar Heels, these aren't your average worms and bears - they're big, soft, pillowy, fresh, fruity and flavorful in unique, sporty shapes that recall sweet memories of great UNC teams. On April 30, 2019, a mass shooting occurred in the Woodford A. Kennedy Building on campus, killing two and leaving four others injured. Deen Freelon is an associate professor in the School of Media and Journalism. Custodians of the internet: Platforms, content moderation, and the hidden decisions that shape social media. This support can come in a number of different ways, ranging from direct government funding to indirect support in the form of regulatory, tax, and other legal changes that strengthen journalism and allow local news organizations to thrive. University Development, University News, The Universitys five-year-plus campaign to support students, initiatives, research and faculty scholarship surpassed $5 billion this month, with more than one month remaining in the comprehensive fundraising campaign. Communications Attorney / Partner (Ret.) GAA Member Giveaway: Three winners get UNC gummies by @gameonfoods mailed right to their doorstep. The integration of social, environmental, behavioral and mental health considerations into patient care is the future of nursing. A 2019 study found that local television news stations by the Sinclair Broadcast Group shifted away from airtime previously spent on local politics, instead dedicating increased coverage to national politics. Such a change in thinking around the purpose of the First Amendment will require more exposition. Attempts to ensure better platform governance practices are especially important as online platform users increasingly turn to social media as their primary news source. The conclusion that platforms enjoy a significant competitive advantage over news providers has prompted advocates for local news to argue that antitrust and other forms of competition law should be adapted to address the systemic advantages platforms currently enjoy. In a concentrated market structure, potential competition from small entrants may be the most important source of competition faced by the incumbent firm. Similarly, Canada implemented the Local Journalism Initiative in 2019 to increase Canadians access to informed reliable journalism. [152], Section 7 of the Clayton Act of 1914 prohibits any transaction where the effect of such acquisition may be substantially to lessen competition, or to tend to create a monopoly.[153] In 1950, Congress passed the Celler-Kefauver Anti-Merger Act to broaden the types of transactions covered by the Clayton Act, specifically to include vertical mergers, conglomerate mergers, and purchases of assets. Laura Ruel is an associate professor of design, user experience and interactive media at the UNC Hussman School of Journalism and Media. Melanie Sill is an experienced news executive and change-maker whos led innovation aimed at strengthening journalisms public service and connection. With online platforms like Facebook and Google, however, it is often difficult to identify and quantify the harms that consumers and other market participants experience as a result of monopolies or near-monopolies, thus making antitrust enforcement difficult. Unlike policies designed to directly support journalism, privacy legislation targets key parts of the business model of platforms. [11] In 1946, the city sought a state-run medical school; instead, the state expanded the existing two-year school at UNC-Chapel Hill.[11]. These mass acquisitions of media companies have been aided by a decline in regulations previously intended to diversify media ownership. Classes were held at Central High School near uptown Charlotte, but by 1957, enrollment increased to 492, and the school's leaders began searching for a permanent site for the campus. Economists at the workshop, however, cautioned against the use of the term market failure in such a general context, calling it a very specific economic concept describing a situation where a market is incapable of providing the desired results; market failure does not include a situation where private companies choose not to provide certain types of content. The university has experienced rapid enrollment growth of 33% over the past 10 years, making it the fastest-growing institution in the UNC System and contributing to more than 50% of the system's growth since 2009. [182] As Stucke and Christopher Lee (Professor, UNC School of Information and Library Science) noted at the workshop, Google has been successful as a search service because the data that Google collects feeds back into their algorithm to produce better search results. Barron writes in the areas of constitutional law and communications law. Wade Hargrove is widely known as one of the leading media and communications attorneys in the country. Our mission is to prepare future social work professionals for leadership in areas of culturally-informed, community-engaged practice, policy, and research, with a particular emphasis on persistent and emerging social problems in rapidly diversifying urban areas locally, nationally, and globally. [138] See Filter Bubble Transparency Act, S. 2763, 116th Cong. Fourth, local newspapers foster a sense of social identity. [81] The fake articles were convincing enough that one discussing the 2022 Qatar World Cup was covered by Reuters and subsequently spread by other legitimate news outlets. The one million residents of Montgomery County, Maryland, a Washington, D.C. suburb and one of the 20 wealthiest counties in the United States, were left without a local newspaper when their last remaining local newspaper, The Sentinel, was shuttered in January 2020. L. & Econ. Third, local newspapers encourage regional economic growth and development. He served as interim president of the University of Massachusetts system from 1991 to 1992, and in 1998, he served as the interim president of the University of North Florida. 704-687-0088. [111] See Steven Waldman, Curing Local News for Good, Colum. In his 2012 book from Oxford University Press, Taking Our Country Back: The Crafting of Networked Politics from Howard Dean to Barack Obama, Kreiss presents the untold history of new media and Democratic political campaigning over the last decade. Second, we tend to share information because it connects us with others and not necessarily because it is true. Other proposals focus on market-based reforms that address the growing power disparities between news producers and platform operators as well as between platforms and their users. As noted previously, Republicans on the Judiciary Subcommittee opposed some of the findings in the majoritys report, including the Subcommittees recommendation that Congress consider imposing structural separation on platforms. University of North Carolina Hussman School of Journalism and Media For athletics purposes, the school is known as simply Charlotte, a change made official by the athletic department on August 23, 2000. 4446. As a result, U.S. antitrust authorities have not been active in policing allegedly anticompetitive conduct by online platforms; the governments last monopolization case involving issues raised by platforms was the Microsoft case in 1998. 116-40.11.; Academic Integrity Board (AIB) means a body of full-time faculty members, composed as set forth in Chapter 7, Section [55] Alphabet Inc., 2019 Annual Report (Form 10-K) (Feb. 3, 2020), https://tinyurl.com/Alphabet201910K. Her research focuses on the implications of the digital revolution for news organizations, the information needs of communities and the emergence of news deserts in the United States. For example, under current bankruptcy law, the courts are permitted to put only minor emphasis on whether a proposed restructuring deal is good for the community (as opposed to the creditors). The logo also changed, from a crown to the "All-in-C" logo designed by Todd Aldridge and used by the athletics department since 2020, which has the letter C and a pickaxe but does not include "UNC". Sanford, Ken. [58] See N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics 814 (8th ed. First, she suggested that many users hold data privacy in lesser regard than the services offered by platforms, especially as the platforms expand their collection of data to Internet-of Things-connected devices. Most of the attendees at the workshop were generally aware of the decline in local news sources. More than one-fourth of the countrys newspapers have disappeared, leaving residents in thousands of communities living in vast news deserts. Behind the screen: Content moderation in the shadows of social media. The UNC Clef Hangers record a performance of Carolina In My Mind to be played during this years Commencement ceremonies. Though television stations remain on the air, broadcast journalism may not plug the local news gap left by the disappearance of local newspapers. About 67 percent of spending by the CPB is earmarked for public TV,[111] and a 2011 study by the Federal Communications Commission found that 68 percent of public TV stations provided no local news in the course of three weeks, and 94 percent provided 30 minutes or less per day. He served as acting Solicitor General for the 1996-97 Term of the Supreme Court. In April 2016, the European Union passed the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which includes the right to data portability as one of eight rights enforced by the new law. At the workshop, Gavil and others wondered whether the traditional horizontal/vertical conception of antitrust should be adapted or revisited to allow for greater scrutiny of data-driven mergers. [147] So even if news organizations threaten to withhold their content, it is unlikely to sway the platforms. Public education to explain the work of journalists and the value of local news is an obvious and important step to address these findings. Hisfocus includes lobbying, Congress, media and politics, and political methodology. 7, 2020), https://tinyurl.com/EFFGoogleFitbit. Ruel uses eye tracking technologies to explore these issues, and is part of the FDAsTobacco Centers of Regulatory Scienceresearch at UNC. One approach is data portability and interoperability legislation, which would allow platform users to access their user data and take it with them to another platform. GAA members, read on about the one of 22 active female admirals in the U.S. Navy and how she relied on what she learned while winning national soccer championships at Carolina to get there. Brian Southwell, PhD, is an expert in communication and human behavior and a senior research scientist in the Center for Communication Science at the Research Triangle Institute (also known as RTI International). [20] The removal of this rule makes it easier for broadcast television and radio stations to air in a community without actually having a local studio, potentially reducing the ability of a media organization to effectively cover local news. Because the market power of online platforms is concentrated and platforms enjoy network effects where the quality of users experience increases as the platform gains more users, consumers have limited incentive to switch to alternative platforms. This divide is important because it could harm interdisciplinary efforts to address the problems we are facing. Alternative media sources have been unable to fill the vacuum left by the disappearance of local newspapers. [80] See Alice E. Marwick, Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online, Data & Society (May 15, 2017), https://tinyurl.com/Marwick2017. Required fields are indicated by . Other experts suggest, however, that we should be skeptical of claims that misinformation has a significant impact on political views, noting that there is little empirical evidence showing that misinformation has had large direct effects on voters attitudes or behaviors. Thank you for supporting this Carolina Alumni Review advertiser. As Legal Director of the Press Freedom Defense Fund, Bralow brings a wealth of experience in media law including First Amendment expertise, national security issues, FOIA prosecutions and appeals, defamation, and privacy law. In addition to the BSW program, North Carolinas best schools for social work offer three MSW academic options, a tradition, a one-year advanced standing, or a three-year program that can be completed entirely online. While a concentrated market may provide fewer alternatives for consumers and users, concentration does not necessarily lead to monopoly power. University of Georgia Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication Jonathan Peters In addition, he argued that an increase in profits among the top platforms may not be connected to an increase in efficiency, but rather a result of the platforms wielding their substantial market power to lessen competition and force parties that wish to use their services into terms favorable to the platform. Celebrating 179 Years You know youre UNC Alumni when you know this place by a sound. She has worked actively in public interest journalism, content and staff diversity, open government and First Amendment issues. The closure of local newspapers has further hindered any attempts by businesses to advertise locally through print media. In other words, the users data may be so valuable that the platform would pay for it. For example, in 1996, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution sold 426,000 copies to people living in 124 Georgia counties; the paper now sells only 111,000 copies in only 32 counties. [118] Press Release, Rep. Debbie Dingell, Dingell, Flores, Veasey, Upton Lead Bipartisan Letter to President Trump in Support of Local Media (Apr. [55], Social Media Companies by Monthly Active Persons (MAP) in Millions as of Dec. 2019 [56]. [127] See Abernathy, News Deserts, supra note 1, at 83. [148] See Livia Albeck-Ripka, Australia Moves to Force Google and Facebook to Compensate Media Outlets, The New York Times (Apr. Under Woodward, enrollment grew to over 19,000 students. However, when faced with uncertainty about that future, people can fill information vacuums with misinformation in an attempt to find certainty. [49] See Andrs Arrieta and Mitch Stoltz, Google-Fitbit Merger Would Cement Googles Data Empire, Elec. of Sci. What especially happened after 2008 is that the problems on Wall Street came down to Main Street so you lost the last of the retail advertising that was supporting the very small and midsize papers going forward.. Kings career has spanned the schools two major disciplines journalism and strategic communication. Department of Geography & Earth Sciences, UNC Charlotte. However, many critics of the platforms assert that stricter merger controls will not be enough to address the durable monopoly power of the dominant platforms and that antitrust and competition laws should be expanded in order to deal with the challenges that platforms present for antitrust enforcement. At the workshop, Robert Picard was reticent to use the term market failure to describe the power of platforms, drawing a distinction between an environment in which privately owned platforms and companies are unable to give the public what they want (which would be a market failure) and one in which privately owned platforms and companies choose to provide certain kinds of content and not others (which would not be a market failure). [26] The 2013 edition of the U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges ranked the university's undergraduate program 199th overall among national universities,[27] however by 2020 it had dropped to 227[28] Forbes has ranked the university at 485th Nationally. Charlotte Slaiman See Fed. The party whose content is removed is often unaware of the reasoning behind a content moderation decision. In 1969, the university began offering programs leading to master's degrees. A former journalist, Deb Aikathas been a faculty member since 1995 in the Hussman School of Journalism and Media at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. They also make it possible to serve niche audiences or small groups of people efficiently and promote competition more so than in an offline, non-digital environment. [116] See Waldman, Local News, supra note 109. [30] In the publication, UNC Charlotte was ranked at No. [122] The Canadian government announced an investment of $50 million dollars over five years to support local journalism with a focus on Canadians living in underserved communities. [32] Those who continue to participate in elections after the loss of a local newspaper are more susceptible to political polarization; a 2018 study found that counties that lost a local newspaper had fewer split-ticket votes in the 2012 election than those counties with a dedicated local news source. [126] See Waldman, Local News, supra note 111. At MSU he was the first president to defy university policy of not playing against integrated teams when he ordered the men's basketball team to play Loyola University Chicago in 1963. Students in every academic field are challenged to apply their studies through real-world, immersive experiences in and beyond the classroom through research, internships, and community programs. Deborah Dwyer [69] For example, while traditional media outlets are relatively contained and limited in authorship, social media platforms allow a wider range of authors, are less formally governed, and have relatively few regulatory controls over false, misleading, incomplete, and false-equivalence information.[70] Moreover, social media platforms are designed to disseminate content through algorithms that can modify patterns of individual exposure in opaque ways, causing different people to see and hear different content. David Ardia 753) 1, 23 (2016), doi:10.2139/ssrn.2746095. "[9] In 2014, UNC Charlotte was ranked the 38th top college in the United States by the Social Mobility Index college rankings. The dominant platforms possess proprietary, detailed caches of user data. Daniel Kreiss (Professor, University of North Carolina Hussman School of Journalism and Media) and Bridget Barrett have coined the term platform transience to describe the rapid changes in a platforms policies and procedures that result from external social and political pressures. Like other businesses with legacy plans created when defined benefits were common, many have found it difficult to come up with the cash to cover pension shortfalls. Professor 20, 2020), https://tinyurl.com/NYTAusFB. These types of media literacy training are crucial. Once a professional musician, Meazell went on to become a partner at one of the largest and most diverse media and communications law practices in the United States, with expertise in areas such as intellectual property litigation, media and First Amendment, risk management and regulatory matters. Government entities already purchase advertising across a wide array of media and many supporters of local journalism say that the government should focus its spending on local news organizations. During the workshop, Sill cited three NC-based nonprofit organizations as potential success stories: NC Policy Watch, a daily news and commentary outlet run by a left-leaning think tank; Carolina Journal, a similar outlet run by a right-leaning think tank; and Coastal Review, an outlet operated by the North Carolina Coastal Federation dedicated to covering stories in North Carolinas coastal regions. The two-sided market supports an advertising-based income model, allowing most platforms to offer access to users for free. Though users are not forced to pay money for the platforms services, they instead must share their personal information with the platform, often without full knowledge of what they are giving up. As local news sources have declined, a growing proportion of Americans are getting their news and other information from social media. The school's colors are green and white; gold and black are both featured in the logo and frequently used in the uniforms of several sports. Platforms have used this asymmetry to their advantage on both sides of the transaction, reaping the benefit of network effects from each market. Deborahs scholarship relates to the practice of ethical and effective journalism at a time when the role of the press is threatened by corporate ownership, public distrust, emerging forms of censorship, political contentiousness, and an elusive definition of what constitutes journalism in modern society. [127], The need to stem the tide of newsroom layoffsand build back local reporting capacityhas also led to proposals to provide tax credits to support the retention and expansion of newsroom staff. Platforms can apply machine learning to extensive data sets to improve their products and expand their activities into new areas, ultimately contributing to market concentration.[44]. Though Congress is unlikely to pass privacy legislation before the end of the current term, there appears to be a growing consensus in both parties that federal consumer privacy legislation is necessary. 30, 2020, 12:26 PM), https://twitter.com/mattdpearce/status/1255896227113168899. The power of online platforms is significant because they act as walled gardens for public discussion online, which is governed by the algorithms and content moderation policies the platforms employ. 119 (2011), doi:10.2139/ssrn.1600783. [124] The impact of the pandemic and ensuing recession has brought further attention to the need for emergency financial assistance for news organization, including support through the governments Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). #GDTBATH https://t.co/DT2RKJAmF9, "So, yes, these are without doubt the bad times. [61] Napoli points to the 2016 election as possible evidence that the speech marketplace is not working, noting that analyses show an unusual degree of voters failing to vote in their own self-interest and suggesting the potential influence of misinformation and disinformation via fake news. In prior roles she was the top editor and senior vice resident for news at the Sacramento Bee, News & Observer of Raleigh and KPCC Southern California Public Radio in Los Angeles. [169] The Subcommittees investigation uncovered several instances in which a dominant platform used the threat of delisting or refusing service to a third party as leverage to extract greater value or more data or to secure an advantage in a distinct market. Furthermore, users self-selection of content creates homogeneous, polarized clusters or echo chambers that can increase the diffusion of misinformation over social media. (2019). Sanford, Ken. [33]. At the workshop, Yosef Getachew (Media & Democracy Program Director, Common Cause) identified several regulatory changes that loosened restrictions on media ownership, including the elimination of the main studio rule, which required that broadcasters have full-time management and staff present during normal business hours and that television studios have the capability to originate content from their premises. As one of 17 institutions in the UNC System, joining in 1969, UNCW offers a powerful academic experience to stimulate creative inquiry and critical thinking and a community rich in diversity, inclusion and global perspectives. CBS Sports has the latest NFL Football news, live scores, player stats, standings, fantasy games, and projections. After serving in early 1993 in the White House as an advisor to the President on constitutional issues, Dellinger was nominated by the President to be Assistant Attorney General and head of the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) and was confirmed by the Senate for that position in October, 1993. Class of 1937 Professor of Law Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, passed in 1996, provides legal protection for online intermediaries and websites that publish third-party content. 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